Kayser–Fleischer Ring

A Kayser–Fleischer ring is a dark ring that appears to encircle the iris, caused by copper deposition in the cornea. It is a clinical sign of Wilson's disease, a rare genetic disorder of copper metabolism.

Pathophysiology

Kayser–Fleischer rings are due to copper deposition in Descemet's membrane at the corneal margin. This occurs primarily in Wilson's disease, but can also be seen in other liver disorders (e.g., cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis).

Diagnosis

The rings are best seen with slit-lamp examination and may not be visible to the naked eye in early stages. Their presence, along with neurological symptoms and low ceruloplasmin, is diagnostic for Wilson's disease.

Clinical Significance

Kayser–Fleischer rings do not affect vision but are a key sign for early diagnosis of Wilson's disease, which can be life-threatening if untreated. They must be distinguished from the limbal ring, which is a normal anatomical feature.

Cross-References

Writing Tips (Expanded)

Use the Kayser–Fleischer ring to add medical realism or foreshadow underlying illness.
Can be a subtle detail in a character's description, hinting at hidden health issues.

Features

Appears as a golden to greenish-brown ring at the corneal margin
Best seen with slit-lamp examination
Indicates copper accumulation in the body

Writing Tips

Use the Kayser–Fleischer ring to add medical realism or foreshadow underlying illness.
Can be a subtle detail in a character's description, hinting at hidden health issues.